Dong Son Drums - Symbols of a Maritime Bronze Age Society in Asia

The Dong Son Drum (or Dongson Drum) is ​the  most famous artifact of the Southeast Asian Dongson culture, a complex society of farmers and sailors who lived in what is today northern Vietnam, and made bronze and iron objects between about 600 BC and AD 200. The drums, which are found throughout southeast Asia, can be enormous--a typical drum is 70 centimeters (27 inches) in diameter--with a flat top, bulbous rim, straight sides, and a splayed foot. The Dong Son drum is the earliest form of bronze drum found in southern China and southeast Asia, and they have been used by many different ethnic groups from prehistoric times to the present. Most of the early examples are found in northern Vietnam and southwestern China, specifically, Yunnan Province and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The Dong Son drums were produced in the Tonkin area of northern Vietnam and southern China beginning about 500 BC and then traded or otherwise distributed throughout island Southeast Asia as far as the western New Guinea mainland and the island of Manus. The earliest written records describing the Dongson drum appear in the Shi Ben, a Chinese book dated from the 3rd century BC. The Hou Han Shu, a late Han dynasty book dated to the 5th century AD, describes how the Han dynasty rulers collected bronze drums from what is now northern Vietnam to melt down and recast into bronze horses. Examples of Dongson Drums have been found in elite burial assemblages at the major Dongson culture sites of Dong Son, Viet Khe, and Shizhie Shan. Dong Son Drum Designs Designs on the highly ornamented Dong Son drums reflect a sea-oriented society. Some have elaborate friezes of figured scenes, featuring boats and warriors wearing elaborate feather head-dresses. Other common watery designs include bird-motifs, small three-dimensional animals (frogs or toads?), long boats, fish, and geometric symbols of clouds and thunder. Human figures, long-tailed flying birds and stylized depictions of boats are typical on the bulging upper part of the drums. One iconic image found on the top of all Dongson drums is a classic starburst, with a various number of spikes radiating out from a center. This image is immediately recognizable to westerners as a representation of a sun or a star. Whether that was what the makers had in mind is something of a puzzle. Interpretive Clashes Vietnamese scholars tend to view the decorations on the drums as a reflection of cultural characteristics of the Lac Viet people, early residents of Vietnam; Chinese scholars interpret the same decorations as evidence of a cultural exchange between interior China and Chinas southern frontier. One outlier theorist is Austrian scholar Robert von Heine-Geldern, who pointed out that the earliest Bronze Age drums in the world come from 8th century BC Scandinavia and the Balkans: he suggested that some of the decorative motifs including tangent-circles, ladder-motif, meanders and hatched triangles may have roots in the Balkans. Heine-Gelderns theory is a minority position. Another point of contention is the central star: it has been interpreted by western scholars to represent the sun (suggesting the drums are part of a solar cult), or perhaps the Pole Star, marking the center of the sky (but the Pole Star is not visible in much of southeast Asia). The real crux of the issue is that the typical southeast Asian sun/star icon is not a round center with triangles representing the rays, but rather a circle with straight or wavy lines emanating from its edges. The star form is undeniably a decorative element found on Dongson drums, but its meaning and nature is unknown at present. Long-beaked and long-tailed birds with outstretched wings are often seen on the drums, and interpreted as typically aquatic, such as herons or cranes. These too have been used to argue a foreign contact from Mesopotamia/Egypt/Europe with southeast Asia. Again, this is a minority theory that crops up in the literature (see Loofs-Wissowa for a detailed discussion). But, contact with such far-flung societies is not a totally crazy idea: Dongson sailors likely participated in the Maritime Silk Road which could account for long-distance contact with late Bronze Age societies in India and the rest of the world.There is no doubt that the drums themselves were made by the Dongson people, and where they got the ideas for some of their motifs is (to my mind anyway) not particularly significant.   Studying Dong Son Drums The first archaeologist to comprehensively study southeast Asian drums was Franz Heger, an Austrian archaeologist, who categorized the drums into four types and three transitory types. Hegers Type 1 was the earliest form, and that is the one called the Dong Son drum. It wasnt until the 1950s that Vietnamese and Chinese scholars began their own investigations. A rift was established between the two countries, in that each set of scholars claimed the invention of bronze drums for their resident countries. That split of interpretation has persisted. In terms of classifying drum styles, for example, Vietnamese scholars kept Hegers typology, while Chinese scholars created their own classifications. While antagonism between the two sets of scholars has melted away, neither side has changed its overall position. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Dongson Culture, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Ballard C, Bradley R, Myhre LN, and Wilson M. 2004. The ship as symbol in the prehistory of Scandinavia and Southeast Asia. World Archaeology 35(3):385-403.  . Chinh HX, and Tien BV. 1980. The Dongson Culture and Cultural Centers in the Metal Age in Vietnam. Asian Perspectives 23(1):55-65. Han X. 1998. The present echoes of the ancient bronze drums: Nationalism and archaeology in modern Vietnam and China. Explorations 2(2):27-46. Han X. 2004. Who Invented the Bronze Drum? Nationalism, Politics, and a Sino-Vietnamese Archaeological Debate of the 1970s and 1980s. Asian Perspectives 43(1):7-33. Loofs-Wissowa HHE. 1991. Dongson Drums: Instruments of shamanism or regalia? Arts Asiatiques 46(1):39-49. Solheim WG. 1988. A Brief History of the Dongson Concept. Asian Perspectives 28(1):23-30. Tessitore J. 1988. View from the East Mountain: An Examination of the Relationship between the Dong Son and Lake Tien Civilizations in the First Millennium B.C. Asian Perspectives 28(1):31-44. Yao, Alice. Recent Developments in the Archaeology of Southwestern China. Journal of Archaeological Research, Volume 18, Issue 3, February 5, 2010.

Professional Sports Teams Native American Mascots

The Native American people have been apart of America ever since the â€Å"white man† came over from Europe. There traditions have been around for as long as they have been alive. They were the first people on the land we call home today. The Native American people have done more for this land than we have and we do not appreciate them at all for that. It is crazy how some people just blow them off like they are less than us and do not get anything special, but they do not also need to be disrespected in the public eye. Professional sports teams that have Native American mascots are used in a way that disrespects the people of Native American descent. It also happens at the high school level and gives the young adults with an biased outlook on the culture and history of these people. Any sports team name with an Native American mascot should have to change there name. Teams that have the name like Redskins, Indians, and Red Raiders are racist terms used as mascots. Interchange the name with the Negroes, the Jews or the Asians and that sounds even worse but, it all means the same thing. They are all racist terms that no one should use to represent something like a team name. According to racismagainstindians.org, Native Americans were banned from practicing their own religion and would be often thrown in jail if they were caught all the way up to 1978. But when nonnative people at sporting events would dance and sing their songs it would be completely okay. This makes no sense,Show MoreRelatedSports Teams With Native American Mascots1667 Words   |  7 PagesWell Known Sports Teams with Native American Mascots Have you thought about the name or mascot of your favorite sports team like the Chicago Blackhawks, the Washington Redskins, or even a college team like Florida State Seminoles? These teams and more have been accused of being racist towards Native Americans and their culture. However, many teams do not intentionally use their mascots to discriminate against Natives. Instead, they represent Native American Tribes and use names to respect the historyRead MoreMascots : An Honor Or An Insult?1352 Words   |  6 PagesMascots: An honor or an insult? The idea of using Native American names and images in sports has been a topic of public controversy in the United States since the 1960’s. Sports mascots that continue to promote racial, cultural, or bias slurs should be changed so that racial discrimination can be stopped and everyone can be treated equally/fairly. In today’s society, there is no room for racism or stereotypes especially in sports; an activity that is supposed to bring people together to supportRead More Use of Native American Mascots Should be Banned Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States, it is sport team names and mascots that depict a certain group of people are considered offensive. People around the United States are trying to get professional sport teams to change their names and mascots because they feel it depicts their certain race in bad way. Teams should have to change their mascot and their name if they are named after a certain group of people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aside from professional sports teams having offensive names, high school and college teams also have offensiveRead MoreBanning Native American Mascots Essay526 Words   |  3 Pageshad some sort of mascot. These mascots, often animals, are carefully selected to represent not only the school’s competitive teams, but also the whole student body. Mascots are also used to represent professional sports teams. However, the use of Native Americans, an entire race of millions of people, as mascots is extremely insulting and should be banned. To begin with, it is racist and derogatory to use Native Americans as mascots. One town in Montana, Ronan, calls its sports teams the â€Å"Chiefs† andRead MoreTelevision And Radio Stations Should Be Banned From Repeatedly Saying The Name Of The Washington Redskins1360 Words   |  6 Pagessaying the name of the Washington Redskins. I will be responding to an original opinion editorial in the LA Times titled â€Å"FCC has no business regulating the name of a football team†, by the Times Editorial Board. The opinion stated in he editorial is correct by claiming the FCC should not get involved with regulating the team name of the Washington Redskins. The FCC enforces whether words that are inappropriate or racist can be used on the airwaves and a petition claiming that the word â€Å"Redskins† fallsRead MoreThe Chicago Blackhawks, Washington Redskins, Cleveland1379 Words   |  6 PagesChiefs, and Atlanta Braves are all professional sport teams in America that u se Native American culture to represent them through the means of tribe names, logos, and mascots. These teams have received a lot of media attention around the debate on if the representation of Native Americans is offensive or not. Controversy surrounding Native American mascots first came into the public eye during the 1960s Native American Civil Rights movement, where the use of these mascots was criticized for being insultingRead MoreShould Sports Teams Be Named After An Ethnicity?915 Words   |  4 PagesShould Sports teams be named after an ethnicity? The controversy over the naming of sports teams after ethnic groups has been boiling since the mid-twentieth century. Sports teams in America, ranging from Pee-wee leagues, high schools, and colleges to Professional sports, have used any enumeration of nick names and mascots by which to represent their team with pride and sometimes even comedy. However, the lines of political correctness have been greatly and maybe even intentionally blurred in termsRead MoreStereotypes Of The American Indian Mascot1206 Words   |  5 Pagestwo-thousand sport organizations that portray the American Indian people as a mascot. Ninety-two percent of these sport organizations are high schools, which means roughly around eight percent of high schools have the American Indian mascot in some form (FiveThirtyEightSports). Frankly, this is an unacceptable statistic.This promotes racist mental images from a young age, and can lead many generations to recycle this outdated representation of Natives. One migh t ask if an American Indian mascot is reallyRead MoreThe Controversy Of Indian Mascots Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy of Indian mascots is a widespread issue seen across the U.S.;is it racist , or is it justified? From different viewpoints from many people the answers vary from group to group.I believe it is not racist and believe that it is honoring. Natives should have the final say, but regular americans still step in and want a say in the whole issue. The Indian mascot has been used all across the U.S. ranging from elementary schools all the way to college and professional sports teams. â€Å"In fact Over 2Read MoreIndian Mascots Vs. Racial Discrimination1200 Words   |  5 PagesIndian Mascots vs Racial Discrimination Do you feel having Indian mascots for sports teams take part in racial discrimination? In the sports world, representing a Native American is showing honor and respect. In society, communities take it as offensive and racist towards Native Americans. The government recognizes the positive representation of Indians and has given them more rights than state citizens. Considering the history, what it means, and general attitude, Indian mascots should be allowed

None Provided1 Argumentative Essay Example For Students

None Provided1 Argumentative Essay Today, society has become a boisterous world of communication. From telephone conversations to live Internet chat and e-mail, the world has never before been quite so in touch. In the novel Obasan, by Joy Kogawa, Naomi Nakane does not have technology to communicate. Instead, she faces the dilemma of communicating at all. From her family, Naomi is shown the many faceted truths of speech and communication. From strong, silent Obasan, to stubborn, resolute Aunt Emily, Naomi finds that one can correspond with others through silence as well as through speech. As a child, Naomi spends much of her life in non-communicative silence, only to help further the distance between herself and her mother. As Naomi grows into womanhood and beyond, she discovers that in speech lays understanding and, unfortunately, pain and sorrow. Joy Kogawa’s tale of Naomi Nakane shows how one young girl can live a tortured life and find peace living life in between silence speech. Naomi’s relationship with Obasan is an influential one, molded from love, respect, and understanding. Naomi describes Obasan’s way of communication best when she say declares, â€Å"The language of her grief is silence. She has learned it well, its idioms its nuances. Over the years the silence with her small body has grown large and powerful†(Obasan 17). Obasan’s silent stance provides a firm starting point for Naomi to return to when she needs to find her bearings. Obasan provides Naomi only positive reinforcement when it comes down to determining the right and wrongs of silence. Obasan used her silence to protect the children from the many faceted horror known as truth. The truth behind Naomi’s mother was requested to be kept from Naomi and her brother, but it was also potentially damaging to them as well. â€Å"The memories were drowned in a whirlpool of protective silence†¦ For the sake of the children, calmness was maintained†(Obas an 26). Aunt Emily believes that the only way to live at peace in the present, you must live in peace with your past. Emily gets this across to Naomi when she goes on a rant and says â€Å"You have to remember. You are your history. If you cut any of it off you’re an amputee. Don’t deny the past. Remember everything. If you’re bitter, be bitter. Cry it out! Scream! Denial is gangrene. Look at you, Naomi, shuffling back and forth between Cecil and Granton, unable to go or stay in the world with even a semblance of grace or ease†(Obasan 60). Unfortunately, for the quiet Naomi, Emily also believes that in order to be at peace with your past you must stand up and yell at those at fault for reconciliation. Emily shows that her beliefs remain contingent upon facts, and that everyone needs to be on the same page before healing can begin. â€Å"’It matters to get the facts straight†¦Reconciliation can’t begin without mutual recognition of the facts,’ she said. ‘Yes, facts. What’s right is right. What’s wrong is wrong. Health starts somewhere.’† (Obasan 219)Naomi cannot comprehend the angle with which her aunt approaches life. While Naomi may believe reconciliation is in order, she is only discouraged when she looks to see where speech has placed her Aunt Emily. â€Å"If Aunt Emily with her billions of letters and articles and speeches, her tears and her rage, her friends and her committees—if all that couldn’t bring contentment, what was the point† (Obasan 50). Naomi becomes more and more frustrated when she sees the futile efforts of her Aunt. Albeit, she does believe that what her Aunt is doing is important for her Aunt, she cannot see the use if the results of such hard laborious tasks go for naught. Biotechnology EssayWhen Aunt Emily finally discloses the story of Naomi and Stephen’s mother, Naomi takes the news very stoically. She is happy to finally know what happened, confused because she does not understand why she was not told sooner, and saddened, because she would have liked to see her mother, disfigurement and all. Now that her mother is dead, she does not get the chance relinquish the great weight of Mr. Gower from her soul, and continues to live, disfigured in her own way. Her mother was the only one that could have helped her and now, â€Å"Dead hands can no longer touch our outstretched hands or move to heal†(Obasan 294).Naomi had suffered wounds so psychologically damaging that only her mother could heal. While Ojisan remains like a stone and Emily remains ever vocal, Naomi’s brother Stephen goes off on his own tangent. Stephen denies his Japanese heritage because of the discrimination he has faced from others. Stephen does not want to be Japanese and instead puts forth all his efforts to be white. He takes upon himself the habit of eating only ‘white’ food, like hamburgers and sandwiches, and wearing white clothing. Stephen does not talk because those who talk draw attention, which is precisely what Stephen does not want to do. Instead of speech or writing, Stephen uses music as his voice. Worst of all, Stephen distances himself from the family, moves away and attempts to rid himself of all Japanese ties, only calling home once a year. As Naomi’s last immediate family member, Stephen only hampers the healing process, which Naomi must attend to. Naomi’s childhood, a terrible and brutal struggle for such a young delicate flower, yields to a blossoming adulthood of understanding and compassion. Although her wounds will never fully heal, Naomi has come to terms with her mother’s absence and her family’s silence. While Stephen does not adapt at all, and instead runs from his problems, Naomi allows herself to become immersed in the flood of her problems. Naomi Nakane spends the early years of her life trying to determine where in the confusion she will take her stand in the battle between verbal communication and silent acceptance, only to find that she has no choice and fate has decided that she will remain silent, longing to speak. Bibliography:Obasan by Joy Kogawa

Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots by The Flaming Lips free essay sample

Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots is a glorious achievement for The Flaming Lips. As they progressed through their music career, they began to experiment with their albums more and more. This is something that, in my opinion, led to their newest albums downfall. But I digress. Yoshimi is a very loose concept album. I say this because there are only four tracks on this record that tell a story, based on the title. The rest of the songs are completely unrelated to the first four, which is something that is very interesting, considering that most concept albums tell some sort of story to the listener. (Ex. Green Days American Idiot. ) Even so, this is a very impressive effort from The Flaming Lips, and it showcases their unique (and beautifully weird) musical talents. The first tune, Fight Test, depicts the female protagonist, Yoshimi, later described as a black belt in karate, battling against a dangerous foe to prepare herself for the Pink Robots. We will write a custom essay sample on Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots by The Flaming Lips or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What follows is some incredible instrumentation, and the lead singer delivers line after line of strange, yet powerful lyrics. The second song, One More Robot / Sympathy 3000-21, is one that I found to be really intriguing and thought-provoking at the same time. It tells of a robot that is learning how to show emotions; how to be more than a machine. It is easily one of my favorites on this album, mainly because of the lyrics. Now, I simply must mention Parts 1 and 2 of Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots. They are both highly enjoyable, but personally, I like Part 2 much more. It features some cosmic-sounding instrumentals, and in between, there are several moments of inhuman screeching. It is truly bizarre, but I found it to be all that much more appealing because of it. My favorite tune would have to be All We Have is Now, which is truly a somber lyrical tale about a time-traveler that falls in love with someone, but then feels a heavy sense of regret for getting so close, because he knows that something bad will happen to them in the near future. That would clearly explain the title of the song. I just love how Wayne Coynes voice sounds through-out the whole thing. Its honestly one of the best aspects of it, and it makes it that much more powerful. All in all, Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots is quite an enjoyable album, thanks to The Flaming Lips ridiculously odd instrumentation choices and impressive lyrical content. Check this one out, if you havent already.

10 Body Language Tips for Success

10 Body Language Tips for Success You can talk a good game, but if you don’t back it up with body language that says, â€Å"I’m confident and know what I’m talking about,† there’s a good chance you won’t get the professional consideration you deserve. Think of body language as an extension of your work dress code. These 10 tips will help you perfect that extra layer of confidence in interviews, meetings, or conversations with colleagues.1. Don’t slouch.Slumping is one of the biggest underminers of strong body language. It suggests you’re disinterested or unsure of yourself. So make sure you sit up straight, and keep those shoulders up and slightly back (not hunched around your ears).2. Shake hands like a pro.The best handshake is strong, but doesn’t crush. If you grip too tightly, it can be interpreted as a sign of aggression. If you barely grip at all, it suggests you’re timid or afraid of confrontation. Extend your right hand to the shake-ee with your palm flat and perpendicular to the ground (with your thumb straight up if you need a guide to help you remember the stance). Do 2-3 hearty pumps, be sure to make eye contact while you’re greeting the person, and then withdraw your hand. Don’t linger too long, or it can get a little awkward.3. Unclench the fists.If you find yourself clenching your fists while talking to someone, loosen up. Clenched fists suggest anger or being closed off to the conversation, even if you’re not doing it on purpose. Try to keep your hands loose. If you need something to occupy them, try taking notes, holding them casually in your lap, or keeping your arms relaxed at your sides. If you’re looking to join a brawl, be sure to put those dukes up. In a normal conversation, not so much.4. Loosen those limbs.Crossed arms are a great way to say â€Å"I don’t want to be here† or â€Å"I don’t want to hear what you’re saying.† They close you of f from the person who’s talking. Instead of crossing your arms, try to hold them loosely at your sides, elbows slightly bent, or hold them gently in your lap.5. The eyes have it.The right level of eye contact can be a toughie, especially if you’re someone who has trouble with it due to shyness or whatever reason. Practice is really the key here. Spend time talking casually with a friend or family member and ask them questions about your level of eye contact. That way, you can find out what you may be doing unconsciously, and find a style that’s comfortable for you.Blinking too much can indicate nervousness, while blinking too little can seem like an aggressive challenge to a staring contest. Try to find a middle ground- and while talking with others, be conscious of your blink rate and how the other person is responding.6. Keep your emotions in check.No matter how annoying or wrong your coworker’s statement may be, don’t roll your eyes or let a sco wl show on your face. Try to stay neutral while you’re talking to the person. Vent later if you need to, but your facial expressions can show disrespect and sandbag your relationship with the person. It’s especially important to keep a neutral expression if you’re talking to a higher-up at work or an interviewer.7. Don’t fidget.Personally, I find this one the hardest- my hands just want to be doing something all the time, whether I’m hanging out and having a casual conversation or talking in a meeting. Moving your hands a lot or playing with your hair/watch/etc. can be distracting to the listener, and undermine what you’re trying to say. If you need to be doing something, try taking notes. If it helps to keep your hands still, fold them in your lap or on the table in front of you.8. Don’t be a bobblehead.Nodding too vigorously makes you look too anxious to agree or like you’re agreeing to something without really listening.9. F ace the music.Try to face the person you’re talking to head-on. Turning away makes the person think you’re disinterested or trying to hide something. Facing the person with good listening posture shows you’re engaged in the conversation.10. Don’t be a clockwatcher.If your eyes keep drifting over to the clock, the person you’re talking to is likely to notice and feel either insulted or rushed- neither which makes for a productive discussion.No matter what you’re saying, your body language can betray (or bolster) your words. If you ooze confidence, calm, and competence, your words will carry so much more weight.

water ways essays

water ways essays Do Water ways effect how we look at the world today? Waterways influence the economic, social, and the political developments of a nearby nation in many different ways. The water ways that I have chosen to discuss are seas, rivers and oceans. In this essay I will talk about how water ways influence a nearby nation. Water ways play a significant role in everyday life. The first example of how water ways effect a nearby nation are the Seas. The seas that I have chosen are the Mediterranean, and the Red sea. The Mediterranean effects the nearby nation by allowing Italy to trade with Egypt. People built boats to travel to other nations. It also helps spread and receive culture from their travels. The Mediterranean can help protect Italy, and Greece from invaders. It also can provide food for the northern part of Africa and for the southern part of Europe. The Red sea effects a nearby nation by helping Egypt and Asia to trade and spread culture. It also allowed people in Egypt to travel do in and go to India without having to go all the way around Africa from using the Mediterranean. It was also a food source for both of them. The second example of how water ways that effect a nearby nation are rivers. The rivers that I have chosen are the Nile, and Amazon river. The Nile river helps people in lower Egypt to use it to trade with people from upper Egypt. The gift of the Nile is that the river floods and provides the soil with rich nutrients. The the farmers can use the rich alluvial soil to grow crops. The Nile also provides food for the capital of Cairo. The next river is the Amazon it helps people in South America to trade and spread ideas within the nation. It provides the people with food for Manaus to eat and us it to trade with. The third example are oceans that effect nearby nations. The oceans the I have chosen are the Atlantic, and the Indian ocean. The Atlantic ocean helps the U.S. trade with Europe. It pr ...

Effective parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effective parenting - Essay Example This essay is a critique of effective parenting. It highlights the practices that can enhance proper parenting, and the behaviors that parents need to avoid for the growth of their children. It is important for parents to realize that the manner in which they speak and the gestures they make amongst other expressions are significant for the growth of their children. Self-esteem in children largely depends on the behavior of parents Brooks (1997 p 67). For example, a little congratulation for good actions among the children means a lot in their development of self esteem. Self esteem is accomplished especially when the children are allowed to undertake tasks independently, which makes them realize their potential. This means that parents need to avoid trivializing the efforts of their children. The initial steps of a child mean a lot in the development of walking ability (Snow et al. 2001 p 103). It is therefore important for parents to ensure that they do not discourage their children by not showing appreciation of their efforts. Insults and quarrels are a major threat to effective development of children. Parents need to ensure that they use simple words when they warn the children concerning undesirable behavior. Rather than using insults, they need to use strong but controlled words to avoid generating frustration amongst the children (Ranga & Denise, 2006 53). Words such as â€Å"your brain must be very thick!† need not be used. Rather, parents are supposed to offer an understandable explanation of why children should act in a particular way and not the other. In essence, human beings learn from mistakes. Children should be allowed to learn effectively from their mistakes. Rewards are important in encouraging repetition of desirable actions. Children need to be reminded often regarding particular actions that were desirable to parents or other grown ups. Their initiatives also need to be